RALEIGH — North Carolina’s Supreme Court ruled on Friday that state Senate boundaries drawn by Republican legislators — under which the court permitted this year’s elections to be conducted — remain tainted by partisan bias favoring the GOP and must be redrawn.
The state’s highest court last February had allowed state House and Senate district lines that were approved by lawmakers to be used in this year’s elections. These lines replaced initial versions the GOP-controlled General Assembly approved in November 2021, but were later struck down by justices for violating what they called the state constitution’s prohibition against partisan gerrymandering.
Earlier this year, a panel of three trial judges had agreed that the replacement maps met standards set by the Supreme Court in a landmark case 10 months ago. Facing a candidate filing deadline, the justices allowed those lines to serve as the basis for this year’s elections. Still, advocacy groups and voters who successfully sued to get the justice to strike down the original redraws said that the second-chance maps used this fall still unfairly treated Black and Democratic voters.
In a 4-3 ruling with the Democratic justices in the majority, the court on Friday said that while the House map continued to be constitutional, under closer inspection of the Senate map, the trial judges’ conclusions on partisan fairness were wrong.
“A districting plan must comply with the broader constitutional standard of upholding the right to vote on equal terms and to substantially equal voting power,” Associate Justice Robin Hudson wrote in the prevailing opinion. But the Senate map “creates stark partisan asymmetry in violation of the fundamental right to vote on equal terms.”
The majority directed the trial judges to oversee another replacement Senate map. The legislature usually gets the chance to approve the plan first. The trial court could create a map only for the 2024 elections if they believe lawmakers don’t comply with standards.
Through Hudson’s opinion, the court also rejected Republican leaders’ wishes to have struck down the congressional redistricting map created by that same panel of trial judges and used to conduct the Nov. 8 elections. The Supreme Court last February had OK’d its use as well after the trial judge panel declared a map drawn by the General Assembly still didn’t meet standards on partisanship. State law already requires a new congressional map for the 2024 elections because judges drew the ultimate plan, not legislators.
Friday’s ruling doesn’t change the 2022 elections, which were operated under the current boundaries, and the results have already been certified. Republicans gained two additional seats in both the state House and Senate. Democrats won two more U.S. House seats, leading to a 7-7 party split within the congressional delegation. Two earlier congressional maps approved by Republican legislators but were blocked were more favorable to GOP candidates.
The two Senate seats that Republicans won gave them a veto-proof majority in the chamber for the next two years. But House Republicans fell one seat short of holding similar power to override Democratic Gov. Roy Cooper’s vetoes.
Last February, the current 4-3 Democratic majority ruled that the congressional and legislative maps approved by the General Assembly in November 2021 unlawfully gave Republicans outsized favoritism compared with Democrats. The lawsuits’ plaintiffs included the N.C. League of Conservation Voters and Common Cause.
As with the dissenting opinion last February, Chief Justice Paul Newby wrote Friday’s dissent as well. He said all three maps before the court on Friday should have been upheld.
“By its actions today, the majority confirms the dangers of judicial usurpation of the legislative redistricting role,” Newby wrote. “By intentionally stating vague standards, it ensures that four members of this court alone understand what redistricting plan is constitutionally compliant.”
Whatever the modified Senate plan looks like, Republican lawmakers are likely in a more favorable position before the state Supreme Court come January should boundaries be appealed.
Two Republican justices will replace Hudson and Associate Justice Sam Ervin IV on the court early next month, giving the GOP a 5-2 advantage. Hudson is retiring and Ervin lost his reelection bid last month. Since the three Republican justices who dissented last winter wrote that the constitution doesn’t expressly bar or limit partisan advantage in mapmaking, it’s more likely a majority going forward would reject last February’s 4-3 decision that defined illegal partisan gerrymandering.
The offices of Republican House Speaker Tim Moore and Senate leader Phil Berger were still reviewing Friday’s decision. Former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, who leads a national Democratic group whose affiliate helped support one of the lawsuits, said the ruling “cements important legal precedent” on redistricting — “something that any future court will have to consider in redistricting cases going forward.”
Any matters involving congressional redistricting at the state Supreme Court could be moot should the U.S. Supreme Court rule in favor of Republican legislative leaders. They argue that the U.S. Constitution delegates congressional elections solely to state legislatures, leaving state judicial branches out. Oral arguments in the case were held last week.
